Is it worth investing in tax-saving bonds?

To reap the benefits of high interest rates prevailing in the market, many investors have been booking profits in the stock market and parking the proceeds in bank fixed deposits (FD). But the interest received from bank FDs is taxable. It is that time of year when advance taxes need to be paid. Shouldn’t investors be looking at saving taxes by investing in infrastructure bonds and tax-saving bonds?

In this month’s guest post, Nishit explains the basic difference between infrastructure bonds and tax-saving bonds, and recommends that investment in tax-savings bonds is definitely worth considering seriously.

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Tax-saving bonds are the flavour of the month. Let us try and ascertain if they are worth buying. Earlier in the year, Infrastructure Bonds were introduced. Some of those bond issues are still open. How are the current tax-saving bonds different from the Infrastructure Bonds?

For starters, to avail tax breaks in the infra bonds, the limit up to which one could invest was Rs 20,000. This Rs 20,000 would be deducted from your taxable income for the year. This would save about Rs 6,180 in the highest tax bracket. The interests from these bonds are not tax free and would be added to one’s taxable income in subsequent years. The interest rates offered were in the rage of 8-8.25% per annum.

The tax-savings bonds being offered now are of a different type. In these bonds, a retail investor can invest Rs 1 lakh for a period of 10-15 years. These bonds are offered by various government undertakings like REC, NHAI, PFC and are hence safe investments. The bonds offer tax free returns as the interest is not taxable. The interest rates are about 7.93% to 8.32%. This means if Rs 1 lakh is invested, then upto Rs 8,130 interest which one gets annually is not taxed. Over a period of 10 years, this amounts Rs 81,300 which is not taxed. To get equivalent returns from a taxable bank FD, the interest rate one should get is about 11.5%. There is no bank FD which falls under the ‘safe category’ offering such returns.

The REC issue is due to get closed on the 12^th of March, 2012 and one can definitely look at further similar issues hitting the markets. The benefit of such issues over the infrastructure bonds is that one can save a much larger amount of tax.

Details of REC issue as below:

There is another tax free bond in the market! REC or Rural Electrification Corp. Ltd. is going to raise Rs 3,000 Crore by selling tax free secured redeemable non-convertible bonds . The subscription will open on March 6 and close on March 12 , 2012. While it is being sold that the interest on the bond will be tax free, it is important that subscribers should know other aspect of this tax free bond issue.

Credit Rating : “CRISIL AAA/Stable” by CRISIL, “CARE AAA” by CARE, “ICRA AAA” by ICRA & “Fitch AAA (Ind)” by FITCH.

The Company has confirmed the following interest rates:

Tenure of the bonds	Other than Category III investors (i.e. QIBs & Corporates and Individuals/HUFs investing > 1,00,000)	Category III investors (Individuals and/or HUF investing upto Rs. 1,00,000/- in the issue)
10 years	7.93%	8.13%
15 years	8.12%	8.32%

Individual/HUF limit reduced due to a notification dated February 14 issued by Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) clearing the issue has said that “any individual investing over Rs 1 lakh will be classified as high net worth individual (HNIs)”.

• Bucket size: The issue size would be Rs. 3000 Crores (shelf limit)
• Minimum Application: Rs 5000/-(5 Bonds of Rs 1000/-) and in multiple of Rs 1000/-
• Issuance Mode - Demat only
• Listing at BSE only
• Interest Payment – Annually
• Allotment on first come first served basis.
• Interest on the refund money will be at rate of 5% p.a.

Category of investors	Bucket size
Category I (includes QIBs and Corporate)	50%( 1500 Cr)
Category II (Individuals/HUFs investing > 1,00,000)	25% (750 Cr)
Category III (Individuals/HUFs investing < 1,00,000)	25% (750 Cr)

Tax Benefits:

1. The income by way of interest on these Bonds shall not form part of total income as per provisions under section 10(15)(iv)(h) of I.T. Act, 1961;
2. There shall be no deduction of tax at source from the interest, which accrues to the bondholders;
3. As per provisions under section 2 (29A) of the I.T. Act, read with section 2 (42A) of the I.T. Act, a listed Bond is treated as a long term capital asset if the same is held for more than 12 months immediately preceding the date of its transfer. Under section 112 of the I.T. Act, capital gains arising on the transfer of long term capital assets being listed securities are subject to tax at the rate of 20% of capital gains calculated after reducing indexed cost of acquisition or 10% of capital gains without indexation of the cost of acquisition;
4. Wealth Tax is not levied on investment in Bond under section 2(ea) of the Wealth-tax Act, 1957.

Note: The investment limit for Category III investors has been increased from Rs 1 Lakh to Rs 5 Lakhs.

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(Nishit Vadhavkar is a Quality Manager working at an IT MNC. Deciphering economics, equity markets and piercing the jargon to make it understandable to all is his passion. "We work hard for our money, our money should work even harder for us" is his motto.

Nishit blogs at Money Manthan.)

Behavioural traits of a successful investor

To be a successful investor in the stock market, one needs to develop several skills:

• Learn how the stock market functions – the roles played by short-term traders, long-term investors, operators, company promoters, brokers, FIIs, DIIs, NSDL/CSDL, stock exchanges, SEBI
• Know about the various types of securities that are traded – stocks, convertible and non-convertible debentures/bonds, warrants, ETFs, mutual funds, bonus/rights shares, bonus/rights debentures
• Be aware of related information – dividends, interest on debentures/bonds, tax implications of buying and selling of various securities
• Have working knowledge of economic concepts – supply and demand, money supply, inflation/deflation/stagflation/recession, surplus/deficit, interest rates, impact of global economies on domestic economy, effect of economic changes on different business sectors
• Reasonable proficiency in accounting concepts – debit/credit, assets/liabilities, capital/reserves, equity/preference shares, payables/receivables, raw materials/inventory, profit/loss, cash flows, and ability to calculate and compare EPS, P/E, P/BV, RoNW, RoCE, Debt-Equity ratio, etc.

But the most important skill of all is to learn about oneself – the behavioural traits that determine who will be a successful investor and who will be an ‘also ran’.

In a recent article posted at investopedia.com, the following behavioural model developed by Bailard, Biehl and Kaiser was presented:

Investors are classified according to their decisions and actions (‘impetuous’ at one end and ‘careful’ at the opposite end) as well as their levels of confidence (‘confident’ at one end and ‘anxious’ at the other end). Based on these behavioural traits, investors are divided into five groups:

• Celebrity – anxious and impetuous, a follower of the latest investment trends
• Adventurer – confident and impetuous, a strong-willed risk taker
• Individualist – confident and careful, with an analytical and self-reliant approach
• Guardian – anxious and careful, willing to sacrifice riskier growth for more stable returns
• Straight Arrow – equally shares the above four behavioural traits

Apparently, greatest investment success is achieved by those with the ‘Individualist’ behavioural trait. What if one has one of the four other behavioural traits? Should they exit from the stock market?

With discipline and perseverance, behavioural patterns can be changed – provided one is aware which behavioural category one belongs to.

Moral of the story? To be a successful investor – know thyself.

Related Posts

Become a successful investor by avoiding 'herd mentality'

Are you an irrational investor?

Some practical examples of Behavioural Finance

eBook: Technical Analysis – an Introduction

As regular readers already know, I have been writing a blog for more than 3 years to educate new investors about investing in the stock market. The experience so far has been quite enriching for me, and hopefully, beneficial for some of the readers.

The stock market can be a fascinating place or a fearsome place – sort of like bathing in the sea. The first few attempts are usually quite humbling – specially if the sea has large waves that keep constantly crashing on to the shore.

The uneducated can get thrown and dashed around by the waves – hurting pride and self-confidence. In extreme cases, the sea waves can drag out the hapless to a watery grave.

To the experienced sea bather, there can be nothing more exhilarating, invigorating and even relaxing. Jumping up to let the smaller waves flow through, diving under the really big breakers, then swimming out and letting the waves gently carry you back to shore is great fun and builds up a healthy appetite.

Likewise for the stock market. The inexperienced buy to find their stock going down, sell to find the stock going up, spend sleepless nights thinking how to salvage their losses – and in extreme cases, commit suicide.

Of those who have been through the experience, some leave the market permanently blaming brokers, operators, market manipulators, friends who gave wrong tips – in fact any one except themselves. Those who stick around to fight another day, try to learn the ropes by reading, or following the advice of experienced market players.

My earlier eBook: How to become a better investor, was published exactly two years ago on New Year Eve. It contained general advice about sector and portfolio selection, and strategies about how and when to invest without losing a lot of money. Several hundred eBooks were emailed – and may have helped a few readers to become better investors. That eBook is now being ‘retired’ – it will no longer be emailed, but will be available for reading on a different blog.

Many of the posts on this blog are about technical analysis of chart patterns. Several readers had requested me to write an eBook on technical analysis, so that the important information can be available easily in one place. After remaining on the anvil for nearly a year, it is finally ready.

Like the previous eBook, this one is also being provided to my blog readers for free - but on two conditions:

First, you need to specifically ask for the free eBook by sending me an email at mobugobu@yahoo.com with your full name. Hiding behind a pseudonym won't help! I would like to avoid spammers to the extent possible.

Second, you can ask your friends, relatives, colleagues to send me an email for the eBook (or send them a link to this blog post) - but please do not forward the eBook to others without my permission. I don't want the eBook to be freely circulated over the Internet.

The eBook has been compiled from selected blog posts and some new material. It is meant to be an introduction to the subject of technical analysis, with a handful of important concepts that are more than enough to arouse the curiosity of those who want to learn more.

2011 has been a disappointing bearish year for most small investors. Please consider this eBook as a small gift towards making 2012 a happier and more prosperous year. Needless to say, your comments and feedback will be most welcome.

RBI pauses interest rate hikes – why did the stock market dive?

Stock markets and interest rates have a love-hate relationship. Markets love low interest rates, but detest high interest rates. ‘Low’ and ‘high’ are relative terms. As a very rough thumb rule, a Repo rate of 5% or lower can be taken as a ‘low’ rate; 7% or higher can be considered a ‘high’ rate.

In Jul ‘08, the Repo rate (the interest rate payable by commercial banks when they borrow money from the RBI) had peaked at 9% – more than 6 months into the previous bear market that lasted from Jan ‘08 to Mar ‘09. Thereafter, Repo rates and Reverse Repo rates (interest rates payable by RBI when they borrow money from commercial banks) were gradually reduced till the Repo rate hit a low of 4.75% in Apr ‘09.

By Mar ‘09, when the Repo rate was at 5%, the stock market reversed direction and started rising. The ‘lag’ effect of interest rate changes are evident from the above data. Bear markets start well before interest rates hit their peak; bull markets start before interest rates drop to the bottom.

The next increase in the Repo rate came only in Mar ‘10, when it was raised from 4.75% to 5%. The bull market was already a year old by then. Thereafter, 12 more rate increases – the last of them in Oct ‘11 – took the Repo rate to a high of 8.5%. By then, the bear market from the top of Nov ‘10 was almost a year old.

Why do stock markets hate high interest rates? Because the cost of doing business increases for every one, and profits take a hit. Capital expenditure is postponed, which hurts growth and in turn, hurts profits. When earnings decrease, EPS reduces. P/E ratios become higher, which induces selling of stocks and shifting of investments to bank fixed deposits at high rates.

Two months back, RBI last increased the Repo and the Reverse Repo rates by 25 basis points (0.25%). The stock market had expected the hike, but appeared to celebrate the news by moving up. That seemed to go against logic. Stock markets are supposed to hate high interest rates. What may have caused the celebration was a hint by the RBI that they may not raise rates further if inflation rate started to moderate.

Inflation rate has started to drop, though it continues to remain high. Food inflation has fallen quite remarkably – whether due to seasonal reasons or high ‘base effect’ or both. The high interest rates caused GDP growth to slow down and de-growth in IIP (Index of Industrial Production). So, it was no surprise that RBI left the interest rates unchanged, and hinted that rates may be lowered henceforth to spur growth. Instead of celebrating, the stock market dived – again appearing to defy logic.

What happened? Many market players had expected a cut in the CRR (Cash Reserve ratio – the percentage of total deposits that commercial banks have to maintain in cash) to inject more liquidity into the financial system. But a combination of an inflation rate that is still high and a fast depreciating Rupee against the US dollar may have forced RBI’s hand in keeping the CRR in tact. That perhaps caused disappointment that led to the sell-off today.

During a bear market, the slightest bit of ‘bad’ news causes a disproportionate amount of negative sentiment. Even if the news isn’t bad for the long-term but appears to be bad in the short-term gives a good enough reason to sell. The opposite happens in bull markets, when the slightest bit of ‘good’ news sends the stock indices soaring. That is an unlikely occurrence at least for another 6 months. Till interest rates are reduced significantly, the bulls will not return.

Related Post

Market celebrates RBI interest rate hike – why?

Investment options in a bear market – a guest post

Both Sensex and Nifty indices have been sliding down in bear markets for the past 13 months. There doesn’t seem to be any signs of a recovery. In fact, the economic situation – both in India and abroad – seem to be heading from bad to worse. This is not the best time for investing in the stock market, because the market can fall much further.

What should investors do? Where can they park their savings and hope to get reasonable returns without undue risk? In this month’s guest post, Nishit discusses a few investment options that can provide decent returns without taking on too much risk.

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With the markets falling continuously, the question uppermost in people’s minds is where to invest their hard earned money? Let us explore a few options.

PPF investment limits have been increased from Rs 70,000 to Rs 1 lakh, and the interest rate has been increased to 8.6%. This is one of the safest options for investors and should be used first before looking at anything else. Next it is tax saving time and IDFC has come with Infrastructure bonds which provide tax saving on an additional Rs 20,000 over and above the 1 lakh cap under Section 80C. These bonds have an interest yield of 9%. If you are in the highest tax bracket you will save additional tax of Rs 6,000. Thus, in the month of December itself, additional avenues to invest Rs 50,000 are possible.

Gilt funds are a good place to be in. In the past 1 month, bond yields have fallen from 8.97% to 8.4%. Bond funds have given a return of 4.5%. Now, this performance will not be repeated every month but one may get an annualized return of about 15% in the next 2 years in gilt funds.

A slightly more sophisticated way of generating money in a falling market is writing call options of the Nifty against your portfolio. For example, Jan 5200 Nifty call is trading at Rs 32. The margin for writing 1 lot is around Rs 20,000. So, for 5 lots one would get an inflow of Rs 7,500 and the margin of 1 lakh would be blocked till Jan 25^th 2012. This is another safe way of generating steady returns in a bear market.

HDFC Top 200 is a very good equity fund where one can continue to do a SIP every month. This fund has yielded a return of 22% over the last 15 years. During this time, several bear and bull markets have come and gone.

The above mentioned are just a few avenues for putting in one’s money as per his or her risk appetite. Also, there is the safe bank fixed deposit giving very good returns for risk-averse investors. My advice for those not needing that cash in a hurry is to lock in the money for next 5 years for returns between 9-10%, depending on the bank.

Also, there is the L&T NCD trading on the NSE which has an expiry of about 7.5 years still and yield is about 10%. The benefit is one gets the interest credited twice to the bank account.

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(Nishit Vadhavkar is a Quality Manager working at an IT MNC. Deciphering economics, equity markets and piercing the jargon to make it understandable to all is his passion. "We work hard for our money, our money should work even harder for us" is his motto.

Nishit blogs at Money Manthan.)

Investing strategies in inflationary times – a guest post

The business channels and pink papers have been obsessive about high inflation in the Indian economy and the consequent rise in interest rates – and well they should be. The government doesn’t seem too perturbed about the deleterious effect that high inflation causes – not just to GDP growth, but also to the wallets of common citizens.

During such times, savings and investments may be farthest from people’s minds as they struggle to make both ends meet. However, there are some comparatively less risky investment opportunities that smart investors can avail of – and Nishit discusses them in this month’s guest post.

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Inflation is rising, cost of loan repayments (EMIs) is going up and jobs are getting lost. How does a common man deal with such a situation?

Government bond yields have almost reached 9%. This means interest rates may rise further in the times to come. EMIs may go up if the RBI hikes the Repo rate, which is currently at 8.5%. In the case of loans, it is best to pre-pay some amount rather than letting the tenure increase. Many people will not get a tenure extension if their tenure has reached the maximum limit of about 25 years.

This is a good time to lock in your savings in high yield fixed investments. Non Convertible Debentures of L&T Finance gives an yield of about 10%. Other fixed income investments like Bank FDs should be utilized to avail of high interest rates. A SIP can be started in a Gilt fund. The interest rate cycle is about to peak soon and Gilt funds are likely to give good returns.

The recently increased limit in PPF investments from Rs 70,000 to Rs 1 lakh, and the higher rate of PPF return of 8.6% is a wonderful opportunity and should be made use of by small investors.

The markets are headed downwards. This scenario is likely to remain till interest rates start moving down. At every decline to key support levels, one can add blue chip shares to the portfolio keeping a 5 years horizon in mind. Supports for the Nifty are at 4700, 4300 and 3700.

Gold as an investment can be looked at only when the previous high of US $1900 per oz is taken out, or near the support level of US $1600 per oz.

For astute investors, cash is king. In a slow GDP growth environment, if one is willing to put down cash then real estate as well as automobiles may be available at good discounts. Plummeting car sales indicate that good cars may soon get sold at discounts just to clear off the inventory and keep the assembly lines working.

This is a great time for an investor to build an entire new portfolio. The portfolio should comprise of fixed income instruments, stocks, commodities and real estate. A proper balance of allocation to these assets will generate wealth going forward.

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(Nishit Vadhavkar is a Quality Manager working at an IT MNC. Deciphering economics, equity markets and piercing the jargon to make it understandable to all is his passion. "We work hard for our money, our money should work even harder for us" is his motto.

Nishit blogs at Money Manthan.)

Should you invest in Infrastructure Bonds? – a guest post

Have you started investing regularly to avail of the various income tax benefits, or are you like most investors who leave their tax saving investments till the third week of March every year?

In this month’s guest post, Nishit suggests a tax saving investment that is not that well-known or well-publicised, but can provide quite decent returns.

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Diwali is just a week away. Many of us will be getting Diwali bonuses. What do we do with the money instead of blowing it up? Tax season is still 6 months away but it pays to plan early. There is an interesting Infrastructure Bonds issue of which not much is known about. Organisations like IFCI, LIC, REC, IDFC, IIFCL, SBI, ICICI, L&T have been allowed to issue these bonds.

This is the second year when the Government has permitted investment in Infrastructure Bonds of specified companies with tax benefits, subject to a tax exemption ceiling of Rs 20,000. This comes under Section 80 CCF, over and above the Rs 100,000 that can be tax exempt under section 80C. The bonds have a face value of Rs 5000, and can be bought by resident Indians and HUFs.

Power Finance Corporation has come out with a bonds issue with tenures of 10 years and 15 years. These bonds have a lock-in period of 5 years after which you can sell them on the Bombay Stock Exchange, where they will be listed in demat form. There is an option to hold the bonds in physical form too.

The 10 year bonds have a coupon rate of 8.5%, with two options of interest payments - either Annual or Cumulative. The 15 year bonds come with a coupon rate of 8.75% and with same two options as the 10 year bonds. The interest income on the bonds is taxable (under ‘Income from Other Sources’) but no TDS will be deducted.

Now, should one invest in them?

Assuming one holds them for 5 years, and gets a one-time tax benefit of Rs 6,180 in the highest tax bracket, a simple back of the envelope calculation shows one effectively saves Rs 1,236 per year. That works out to a ‘yield’ of 6.18% in addition to the coupon rate of 8.75% for a 15 years bond, which is equivalent to a pre-tax return of nearly 15%.

The above calculation assumes that one exits after 5 years and gets a similar tax break. The yield could be higher or lower depending on your tax bracket. Of course, one could continue holding till maturity of 10 or 15 years.

The bonds are secured against the immovable property of the company and PFC is a government Navratna - thus making it a very a safe investment. Whichever way one looks at it, PFC’s Infrastructure Bonds are a good investment because of the AAA rating, tax benefits, and the decent rate of interest. The bonds are open for subscription till Nov 4, 2011.

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(Nishit Vadhavkar is a Quality Manager working at an IT MNC. Deciphering economics, equity markets and piercing the jargon to make it understandable to all is his passion. "We work hard for our money, our money should work even harder for us" is his motto.

Nishit blogs at Money Manthan.)

A beginner’s guide to stock investing – a guest post

Most new investors jump into the market when the Sensex is near a peak, and there is a feeling of euphoria all around. That is precisely the wrong entry point. Investors tend to shy away from the stock market when bears are on the prowl and even well-known and well-established companies trade near 52 week lows.

Nishit feels that bear periods are great times to do your homework and get ready for entering the market once things improve. In this month’s guest post, he explains the steps that novice investors can take for building wealth through stock market investments.

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I often face this question from my colleagues: How do beginners begin investing in stocks? The fear factor is what prevents many people from investing. The first step is often the most difficult one to take to start as an investor.

One of the first things to do is to start small. Start with a capital which you can afford to lose. The ‘tuition fees’ are needed to be paid to the markets. Till one actually invests (and loses some money), one cannot get a feel of the markets. Now that one has earmarked a small sum to play with, the next step is to identify a decent online brokerage. Most of the novices are normally fixated with the amount of brokerage one has to pay. That should be the least of one’s concerns. Remember you are an investor, not a trader. Best is to stick to some big player like ICICI Direct or HDFC Securities.

So, we have allocated funds and have an online account in place. What next? Now comes the most interesting part. Nothing beats reading. While your account is being opened, do start reading. Read the Economic Times daily, and the Hindu BusinessLine on Sundays. There are several good books for reading, like Beating the Street and One up on Wall Street by Peter Lynch; Rich Dad, Poor Dad by Robert Kiyosaki. Once one has read up a bit, one can read the grand daddy of all investment books, The Intelligent Investor by Benjamin Graham.

When buying a stock, make sure you are clear in your mind about why you are buying the stock. Start off by buying blue chip stocks. Remember if one makes losses initially it may put off the investor from investing for a lifetime. Stock picking is a fine art and one improves with time.

Also, start of by visiting blogs and websites like www.equitymaster.com to get a feel of the markets. Make sure you review your portfolio once a week. A portfolio should contain about 5-10 stocks. Next is keep track of earnings and news related to one’s stocks by visiting www.nseindia.com

Often, the process of seeing a blue-chip winner is more interesting and satisfying than the actual profits one makes. Each of us is a specialist in the field where we earn a living. Start off by exploring stocks in your area of competence. A doctor could explore Pharma stocks, an IT engineer the software companies, and so on. Also, ask your friends and relatives about companies in their domain of expertise.

The housewife is one who has a vast circle of competence. She knows which items are popular in the grocery store and can look at investing in those companies.

Those folks who find doing all this cumbersome and boring, mutual funds are the easier way out. HDFC Top 200 is a blue chip fund with a portfolio of good companies which has returned compounded 23.58%, which means Rs 10 invested in 1996 is now Rs 196. 20 times returns in 15 years. In this case, sit back, relax and enjoy your life.

For all Mutual Fund Investors, www.valueresearchonline.com is the mother of all sites. One can research one’s fund here and invest.

To create wealth, stock market investment is a must. It is not rocket science and even the lay person with a bit of reading up can become an informed investor.

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(Nishit Vadhavkar is a Quality Manager working at an IT MNC. Deciphering economics, equity markets and piercing the jargon to make it understandable to all is his passion. "We work hard for our money, our money should work even harder for us" is his motto.

Nishit blogs at Money Manthan.)

Is the recent stock market volatility unusual?

Before I answer that question, let me try and explain what volatility in the stock market really means. To the ordinary investor, volatility may mean sudden and unexpected changes in a stock’s price (or an index level).

But aren’t fluctuations in stock prices and index levels the norm rather than the exception? That’s an easier question to answer. Yes, stock prices and index levels do fluctuate all the time. But some times, the fluctuations are tolerable and ‘normal’. Those are periods of low volatility, which are conducive for trading and investments.

At other times, there are extraordinary and nerve-wracking fluctuations in stock prices and index levels that send traders and investors scurrying for cover. Such periods of high volatility increases risk and decreases returns.

For the mathematically inclined, volatility is a statistical measure of the uncertainty or risk associated with changes in a stock’s price (or an index level). It can be measured by using the standard deviation or variance (i.e. two standard deviations) of the returns from a stock or index.

A measure of the overall volatility of a stock’s return benchmarked against an index is called ‘Beta’. A Beta value of 1.0 means the stock’s return is the same as that of the index. In other words, if the index gains 100%, the stock will gain 100%. A Beta value of 1.5 means a stock will gain 50% more than the index during bull periods, but lose 50% more during bear periods; a value of 0.8 means the stock will gain 20% less than the index in a bull market, and lose 20% less in a bear market. The higher the Beta value, the more volatile the stock.

For the technically inclined, the Nifty VIX chart indicates the implied volatility (IV) of a basket of Nifty put and call options. A high VIX level (above 30) indicates high volatility; a low VIX value (below 20) indicates low volatility. Typically, when the VIX rises, the Nifty falls. The VIX can be used as a contra-indicator. Low values give an opportunity to sell, and high values provide opportunities to buy.

What causes high volatility? Unexpected changes - in interest rates (repo, reverse repo) or oil prices; a war or terrorist attack or earthquake; a change of government - can lead to wide fluctuations in stock prices and index levels.

What can small investors do? Understand this simple thumb-rule. Volatility declines when stock markets rise, and increases when stock markets fall. In a bear market – like now – high volatility is not unusual.

That is one reason why small investors may be better off staying away instead of trying to make a few bucks on counter-trend rallies; and avoid averaging-down during bear markets.

That was the long answer. The short answer to the question is: No.

Related Post

What is causing the volatility in the Sensex?

Is this a good time to buy stocks/funds/gold?

Many small investors must be thinking about this question. Anecdotal evidence from the emails and comments I receive suggest as much. The answer is quite simple: It is a good time to buy if you have the money.

Experts will tell you that timing the market is not a sensible approach to investing. It is how much time you spend in the market that counts. That is because most small investors are happy to book small profits, and miss out on the big profits that can be made by holding on for the long-term.

So, why is Jim Rogers, an acknowledged guru of the commodity markets, advising caution about buying gold; and ace stock market investor, Rakesh Jhunjhunwala, suggesting that it isn’t time for bottom fishing yet? Why this apparent contradiction?

The dichotomy arises due to the different viewpoints of two different groups of investors. For the multitude of inexperienced retail investors, timing the market is not recommended. They just do not have the knowledge to put together all the little pieces of a vast economic jigsaw puzzle. Professional investors like JR and RJ know what they are doing, and can go in and out of markets with surgical precision.

When our Finance Minister said that the recent fall in stock prices was a result of western disturbances and had nothing to do with India, he was deliberately speaking a half-truth to try and prevent a bigger crash. Why? Because uncontrolled inflation and consequent hikes in interest rates had already slowed down the profit growth of India Inc., and pushed the stock market into a down trend.

Resolution of the economic crisis that gripped USA and Europe through tough policy measures by central banks was postponed by rounds of quantitative easing and bailouts. Now the sovereign debt problems are coming home to roost.

Global stock markets, India included, had a heady rise from the bear market lows of Mar ‘09. It is time for a reality check, and the picture isn’t pretty. No wonder gold prices are shooting through the roof, as fearful investors are dumping stocks and funds to buy the yellow metal.

The good news is that the Indian economy is in far better shape than those of the developed countries. Growth has slowed, but remains strong. However, inflation is still rising. Another couple of rounds of interest rate hikes are almost a given. That means more pain for investors in stocks and mutual funds in the near term.

But, as I mentioned in the beginning, if you have the money and a long-term view, this is a good time to buy. Don’t bet the barn. Invest 20% of your available surplus every month for the next 5 months. Things should start improving by then. Avoid individual stocks if you haven’t mastered stock-picking skills. Split your investments between a good balanced fund (like HDFC Prudence or DSPBR Balanced) and a good large-cap fund (like HDFC Equity or DSPBR Top 100).

I’m not a great fan of buying gold, because it gives no regular returns. The flight to gold is assuming panic proportions, and panic buying leads to severe corrections. If you must buy gold, buy a gold ETF during the next price dip.

Related Posts

"Time in" vs. "Timing" the market

Should you invest in Balanced Funds?

Gold and Silver Chart Patterns: divergent directions

Stock Index Chart Patterns - BSE Sectoral Indices, Jul 27, '11

During the two months since the previous analysis of the BSE Sectoral Indices chart patterns, both the Sensex and the Nifty have struggled in down trends – failing to move above their down trend lines but not falling below their Feb ‘11 and Jun ‘11 lows.

What is happening in the Sectoral Indices? The separation of the wheat from the chaff is becoming more obvious.

BSE Auto Index

Like the Sensex, the BSE Auto index is forming a large descending triangle – lower tops and a flat bottom at 8115 – that has bearish implications. The technical indicators are looking bearish and another test of the 8115 level seems likely. Hold.

BSE Bankex

The BSE Bankex is forming a pennant pattern – lower tops and higher bottoms – which is a continuation pattern. An upward break out is more likely. But the bearish technical indicators are pointing to another spell below the 200 day EMA. Hold.

BSE Capital Goods Index

The BSE Capital Goods index made a valiant effort to escape the clutches of the bear, and managed to spend several days above the 200 day EMA. But bullish hopes were belied. The index has dropped back into a bear market. The weak technical indicators are suggesting that the correction will continue. Avoid.

BSE Consumer Durables Index

The BSE Consumer Durables index is in a bull market, receiving good support from its rising 50 day EMA. A test of the Nov ‘10 top is on the cards. Hold.

BSE FMCG Index

The BSE FMCG sector continues to be the star performer over the past year, touching new highs on a monthly basis. Add on dips.

BSE Healthcare Index

The BSE Healthcare index has been in a rising trend since the low of Feb ‘11, and is in a bull market. Add on dips.

BSE IT Index

The BSE IT index has slipped into a bear market. The failure of the index to get anywhere close to its down trend line in July ‘11 is bearish. Weaknesses in the Eurozone and US economies are taking a toll on our export-oriented software services companies. Hold.

BSE Metal Index

The BSE Metal index is in a bear market. The technical indicators are suggesting further weakness. Unless infrastructure projects start picking up – which seems unlikely in a high-interest regime – things are not going to improve any time soon. Avoid.

BSE Oil & Gas Index

The BSE Oil & Gas index is sliding down a slippery slope with very little hope of a turnaround. The government is in the horns of a dilemma about fuel prices. Not raising prices means losses and subsidies. Raising prices means stoking inflation. The poor performance of a heavyweight like Reliance has compounded the problems. The technical indicators are turning bearish. Avoid.

BSE Power Index

The BSE Power index is in a bear market, though the downward momentum is slowing. The technical indicators are bearish. Avoid.

BSE Realty Index

The BSE Realty index is also a clear avoid – falling in a bear market with little hope of revival in the near term.

The FMCG index, Consumer Durables index and the Healthcare index are in bull markets. The Auto index and Bankex are struggling to remain in bull markets. These are the five sectors that investors should look to for parking their money. Individual stocks in the other six sectors that are going against the grain can also be considered for investments.

How many stocks should I buy?

From the emails I receive from readers and newsletter subscribers, this is a common question faced by many small investors. Due to limited resources, investors tend to swing from one end of the buying pendulum to the other. They either buy 30 shares of a fundamentally strong stock trading at Rs 500; or, they buy 500 shares of some unknown small-cap trading at Rs 30.

Both can be counterproductive for the growth of your portfolio. With the costlier stock, a sudden spurt to Rs 600 may tempt you to sell out quickly and miss a bigger profit opportunity. The alternative strategy of booking partial profits and holding the rest with a trailing stop-loss may not work too well with only 30 shares to play with.

For the less expensive stock, a 20% gain from 30 to 36 may not seem enough to do any profit booking. So you hold on with the hope of selling only if the stock reaches 50 – which it may never do. In fact, the cheaper stock is more likely to drop to 15.

What is the solution? Firstly, you need a decent amount of capital to build a portfolio of individual stocks. I recommend a minimum of Rs 5 lakhs – preferably Rs 10 lakhs. What if you have only 1 or 2 lakhs? You may be better off investing in mutual funds and fixed income instruments to build up your capital.

What if you do have Rs 5 lakhs? How do you decide how many stocks to buy? The thumb rule in buying individual stocks is: More is not merrier. Keeping regular track of any more than 10-12 stocks can become a full-time activity. You have to remain informed about the overall economy – local and global, individual sectors to which your stocks belong, quarterly performance of individual stocks as well as news flows about them; read Annual Reports; check if dividends are getting credited; apply for rights shares, and a myriad other things.

If you settle on 12 stocks for your portfolio, how will you allocate to large, medium and small-caps? A thumb rule for getting steady returns, protecting downside during bear attacks, plus having a growth ‘kicker’ is to allocate 80% of your capital into stalwart large-caps, and 20% to good mid-caps and small-caps.

How many stocks in each category? Say, 8 large-caps, 2 mid-caps and 2 small-caps. Allocating Rs 50000 for each large-cap, and Rs 25000 to each mid-cap and small-cap stock will complete your portfolio. This is a suggested portfolio. You can tweak it to suit your own style and risk tolerance.

Once you limit yourself in terms of the number of stocks and the allocation of capital to each stock, a funny thing will happen. You will be forced to be very selective about the stocks you pick. That will, in turn, make you more disciplined about choosing the very best stocks – and waiting to buy them only after a significant price correction.

The same Rs 500 stock mentioned earlier was probably trading at Rs 200 two years back, and may drop to 350 after the next correction. Instead of buying 30 shares now, buy only 10 (to help you to track it regularly). When (and if) it drops to 350, buy 130. You will end up with 140 shares and complete your Rs 50000 allocation to the stock.

Related Posts

Learn the Art of Partial Profit Booking

Why building a stock portfolio is like buying a car

Announcing re-opening of paid subscriptions to my Monthly Investment Newsletter

I am pleased to announce the re-opening of paid subscriptions to my monthly investment newsletter for a 3 weeks period from July 1-21, 2011. Only a limited number of subscriptions will be offered – strictly on a first-come first-served basis – to enable me to provide personalised attention and guidance to each subscriber.

If you are interested in subscribing, please send an email to: mobugobu@yahoo.com at the earliest for details. Your email address will be kept in confidence.

The newsletter has completed 18 issues. The past few months have been a challenging and humbling experience for me. It was a challenge to find stocks with growth potential at reasonable prices while the Sensex kept reaching new 52 week highs through most of 2010. The prolonged 8 months long corrective phase since Nov ‘10 has been humbling because many stocks have not performed up to expectations, and yet subscribers have kept faith in my stock picking abilities.

Those who have been following my blog posts regularly know by now what kind of stocks I like, and what type of stocks I avoid. The guiding principle has been to choose well-managed, financially sound companies that give steady (rather than spectacular) returns and have growth prospects.

Non-subscribers may be interested to know how the recommended stocks have fared. Without revealing the names of the stocks (it won’t be fair to my subscribers to do so), here is a brief results table with prices on recommended dates, subsequent high and low prices, and gains/(loss) in percentage as on July 1 ‘11:

Stock	Date	Price	High	Low	Close	Gain/(Loss)
1a	Jan ‘10	206	399	195	374	81.5
1b	Jan ‘10	131	316	120	185	41.2
2	Feb ‘10	78	94	55	65	(16.7)
3	Mar ‘10	178	305	168	236	32.6
4	Apr ‘10	82	116	61	73	(11)
5	May ‘10	171	247	85	125	(26.9)
6	Jun ‘10	101	156	98	127	25.7
7	Jul ‘10	285	305	213	230	(19.3)
8	Aug ‘10	274	434	264	421	53.6
9	Sep ‘10	130	141	95	123	(5.4)
10	Oct ‘10	120	135	89	108	(10)
11	Nov ‘10	101	150	55	71	(29.7)
12	Dec ‘10	53	59	37	48	(9.4)
13	Jan ‘11	91	122	90	116	27.5
14	Feb ‘11	294	329	257	295	0.03
15	Mar ‘11	444	502	405	480	8.1
16	Apr ‘11	107	117	95	105	(1.9)
17	May ‘11	275	280	250	277	0.07

All 18 stocks are small or mid-caps, picked for long-term investment of minimum 2 to 3 years. The fact that some of them are showing decent gains – even after falling from their highs - is a testimony to their underlying strength. Note that 9 of the 18 stocks are showing losses. That gives me a ‘hit ratio’ of only 50% – which is no better than tossing a coin.

But have a look at the ‘High’ column. One stock more than doubled, five gained 50% and every single stock moved up after my recommendations. In a 2-3 year time frame, I expect most of the laggards to make up the slack.

What is important to appreciate is that these stocks were not ‘cheap’ and had already run up quite a bit when they were recommended. The lesson is that even near 52 week highs and subsequent corrective phases of the Sensex, there are stocks available that can provide decent returns. Since the recommended stocks are all regular dividend payers, the actual returns will be higher.

If you need help in selecting good stocks in uncertain times, all you need to do is subscribe to my Monthly Investment Newsletter. Send me an email (at mobugobu@yahoo.com) soon – subscriptions will close on July 21, 2011.

Notes from the USA (Jun 2011) – a guest post

One of the best ways to find out about the true state of financial health of a company is to scrutinise its cash flow statement. The Profit and Loss statement is based on the accrual system of accounting. The cash flow statement records the actual inflows and outflows of cash, which provides a better idea about the sustainability of a company’s business model.

What about an investor’s cash flow statement? Are you keeping track of exactly how much cash inflow is being generated by your cash outflows (i.e. investments)? Specially in a sideways or sliding stock market? In this month’s guest post, KKP shares some of his thoughts on the subject.

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Lets Get Down to Cash Flow Analysis

Q1 and Q2 2011 have shown that there might be a good size recovery, giving a feeling of hope to many people in the US, as well as corporations. The economy has slowly been recovering – no doubt. But the housing and construction market rebound has remained soft despite the big QE (quantitative easing) programs from the Fed and the low-low-mortgage rates (average 30-year fixed U.S. mortgage rate is around 4.82%). The reason is simple: Stubbornly high unemployment and underemployment, and also tight lending policies from the bankers/lenders. Bankers have swung the pendulum to the other end of the spectrum and have very stringent policies. In 2002-2008, lenders would lend money to people without any money down (by doing double mortgages), and today, even if someone is providing 25% down payment (upfront cash), they are scrutinized as if they are one of the worst borrowers.

Predictions show that home prices will fall around the 5% to 10% in 2011 compared to 2010, and they will remain flat in 2012. This median forecast was part of a poll by Reuters of 21 economists who provided price forecasts. In looking at really long term trends of US home prices, it clearly shows that home prices are close to the bottom and will hover around here for a bit, and with a ‘core-recovery’ we will see a bounce up in prices (albeit very slowly).

"It is hard to see the housing market doing better until the massive headwind of foreclosures is removed and that will likely take a couple of years," said Mark Vitner, senior economist at Well Fargo Securities in Charlotte, North Carolina. With home prices still falling, many potential buyers are sidelined and banks are more stringent with loan applications and credit scores, Wells Fargo's Vitner said. "It is not that I am pessimistic about the housing market, it is just that I am not optimistic and a gradual recovery probably will not happen until 2013 or 2014, with a full normalization not until 2015," he said.

I have noticed that there is a rise in the "distressed, foreclosed and short sale" homes due to the fact that the lower home prices have put mortgage balances (what you owe on the home) above the current price of the home. Therefore, the home either goes into a short sale (seller and lender put it on the market), or foreclosure (owner cannot or will not pay mortgage), or distress situation (seller does not pay mortgage, and lender cannot afford to keep the home on the books). The net result is that the price of the home has to be marked down significantly, for investors or home-upgraders or renters are willing to look at the properties.

I am currently sprucing up a home that I purchased as a ‘distressed home’, and will be renting it out before July 1^st, 2011. In addition, have offers out on Short Sales where the Seller and Lender are considering my offers for Downtown Condos (at 1/3^rd to 1/4^th the last sale price). Even with the above flat market situation predicted, I remind myself that I am buying real estate at the “equivalent of March 2009 Sensex prices”. Remember how undervalued we were in the stock market at that time, before we took off? Real estate will NOT take off in the same manner (of course), but my tarot-charts (figuratively speaking) is telling me that I am buying it close to the bottom and have no desire to price these out for sale since I will be renting them out in the near term (2 to 5 years).

In addition, I am buying these at really ‘distress’ prices, instead of chasing them, and have the ‘patience and privilege of dividends’ while I hold. Dividends are in the form of rent here so it is easy to convince myself to hold. So, equate it to holding a stock that may not move up immediately, but will pay you almost risk free 12% to 26% in return with minimum loss of capital (if so).

Bottom line is that a lot of books have been written about ‘cash flow’ production, and with this methodology, I have found how much of a parallel it holds to Selling Calls on individual stocks being held in a portfolio. Call Selling had been a very favourite methodology of mine when I was very active in the markets in the 1990’s, and most recently as a way of reducing my stock holdings. But, in both cases, it taught me how to ‘generate cash flow’ from the holdings, and ‘make a paycheck’ out of it.

Real estate has the power to make the same with almost the same amount of time involvement. Wow. Really? Yes, very true. In India, it is even better since you can literally buy a flat/condo and rent it out, making all responsibilities of maintaining the flat a responsibility of the tenant (minus big issues). I am able to replicate the same with a team of contractors to simplify my life and do virtual-maintenance (call someone to go and fix it at low cost).

For now, think cash flow, and figure out a way to generate a paycheck or cash flow from your investment holdings. If you hold RIL or HUL for a long time, the percentage yield to your purchase price could be significant enough to get a very net high yield, especially if the stock has provided splits/bonuses. With my net-buy-price of HUL under Re 1.00, the percentage yield on the annual dividend seems like a paycheck each time it comes. So, there are many ways to skin the cat, and as one gets more experienced, some of these techniques become part of the portfolio and life, and yet, it is each portion of the portfolio that needs to replicate the ‘cash flow’ generation methodology. Traders might be good at generating cash flow from ‘trading’, but very few can do it consistently, and hence doing it with many techniques/strategies will be good for your long term financial health.

Hope you can ‘draw’ some ideas from this to your thinking and add a twist to your investments that might change the overall short and long term return, such that it gives back some cash flow which can help with your own personal goals (buying gold or silver)…..Oh, that brings me to another favorite topic of mine (gold), but we will leave that for the future….

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KKP (Kiran Patel) is a long time investor in the US, investing in US, Indian and Chinese markets for the last 25 years. Investing is a passion, and most recently he has ventured into real estate in the US and also a bit in India. Running user groups, teaching kids at local high school, moderating a group in the US and running Investment Clubs are his current hobbies. He also works full time for a Fortune 100 corporation.

How to read the Cash Flow Statement – Part 2

In last Tuesday’s post, I had covered the first part of the Cash Flow Statement – Cash Flow from Operating Activities. The next two parts will be discussed in this post.

Part 2: Cash Flow from Investing Activities 

To remain in business over the long haul, a company needs to grow. Without growth, a business will stagnate and eventually die or get acquired. But growth has a price. Cash has to be spent to buy land, machinery and related equipment, build factories and offices, acquire other companies, start subsidiaries or joint ventures, and make appropriate investments.

All of the above comes under Cash Flow from Investing Activities. You don’t have to be a genius to guess that this figure will be a (negative) one for most companies. Many mature companies, particularly those in the FMCG sector, don’t have much need for Capital Expenditure (i.e. spending cash on factories and equipment) because their rate of growth has slowed down.

Ideally, the depreciation amount in the Profit and Loss statement should be less than or equal to the amount of cash being spent in investing activities – because depreciation is meant to cover the notional loss due to wear and tear of the existing plant and machinery. If a company does not continuously spend on upgrading and modernising its facilities, it will not be able to compete with newer entrants who may have the latest technology and equipment.

The definition of Free Cash Flow is:

Cash Flow from Operating Activities – Capital Expenditure

This is a (negative) number for companies in their early growth stage, when cash generated from core operations may be insufficient to cover the cost of capital expenditure. But for well-established companies, positive Free Cash Flow is an indication of financial health. The more positive Free Cash Flow a company can generate, the easier it is for them to expand, acquire, pay dividend or buy back shares, and pay off loans.

Part 3: Cash Flow from Financing Activities 

What if a company has (negative) Free Cash Flow, or still worse, has (negative) Cash Flow from Operating Activities? Where will they get the cash to pay their suppliers, interest to banks for any loans taken, and for growing the business?

They can either resort to more borrowings, and/or issue more shares. If such companies are showing a net profit, then they are also expected to pay dividends to their shareholders. All inflows and outflows of cash due to loans, share issues, share buybacks, dividend payments come within Cash Flow from Financing Activities.

Financial prudence should dictate a company’s growth plans. As a thumb rule for selecting good stocks, about 60-70% of the Cash Flow from Investing Activities (Part 2) should be funded by positive Cash Flow from Operating Activities (Part 1); the balance 30-40% should come from Cash Flow from Financing Activities (Part 3).

Many companies forget the simple adage that one should cut one’s coat according to the cloth. They may even have positive Cash Flow from Operating Activities, but their ambitious growth plans require far more cash than they can afford. They resort to frequent borrowings and share issues in the hope of reaching the top quickly. One or two bad years can bring such companies down to their knees. Pantaloon and Suzlon come to mind.

(Note: The financial health of banks and financial institutions can’t be judged by analysing the Cash Flow Statement alone – because they need to borrow cash to give loans, and invariably have negative Cash Flow from Operating Activities. Price to Book Value and Return on Assets are better measures for such companies.)

Related Post

What is the Return on Assets (RoA) ratio?

How to read the Cash Flow Statement – Part 1

Have you heard the statement: Cash is king? A business needs cash like a car needs fuel. If there is no regular generation of cash from the day-to-day operations, the business will need to resort to debt and share issues to survive. Seems logical that investors would first look at the Cash Flow Statement in an Annual Report – right?

Unfortunately, most investors in the stock market – even those who have been investing for many years - do not understand or know how to interpret the Cash Flow Statement. Just looking at the Balance Sheet, Profit and Loss statement and the Management Discussion and Analysis is not enough. The real state of a company’s finances is hidden in the Cash Flow Statement and the Notes on Accounts.

With another accounting year coming to a close on Mar 31, 2011, this is as good a time as any to learn the basics of the Cash Flow Statement:-

The Cash Flow Statement allows you to check the different sources of cash inflows into a company during a particular year vis-a-vis the prior year, how much cash was spent, and what it was spent on. Cash inflows are positive, cash outflows are (negative). The three parts of a Cash Flow Statement enable you to understand what a company’s management is doing with the cash at its disposal, by comparing the figures with those appearing in the Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss statement.

Part 1: Cash Flow from Operating Activities

The Net Profit before tax and exceptional items from the Profit and Loss statement is adjusted with depreciation, interest, provisions, profit/loss on investments, debtors, inventories, creditors to arrive at the cash generated from operations. Tax and exceptional items are then adjusted to arrive at the Net Cash from Operating Activities.

Though it may seem counter-intuitive to non-accountants (like me), depreciation is considered an inflow (it is an expenditure in the Profit and Loss statement, but the cash is not paid to any one and remains within the company); creditors/accounts payable is an inflow (because they haven’t been paid yet); debtors/accounts receivable is an outflow (because a ‘sale’ has been accounted in the Profit and Loss statement but the money hasn’t been received yet).

Net Cash Flow from Operating Activities should preferably be positive, and greater than the previous year’s if the net profit has gone up. Newly set-up companies, particularly those in high growth fields like Information Technology or Bio-technology, often have negative cash flows from operations in their initial years. They need to ramp up operations quickly to meet demand but may not be able to negotiate good payment terms from their clients.

Negative cash flows from operations of established companies, if over prolonged periods, indicate that there is something amiss with the business model, or the management has questionable integrity and is diverting cash to unlisted subsidiaries or to related parties.

Investors need to be particularly wary of companies that show good top-line and bottom-line growth year after year, and pay taxes and dividends but show negative cash flows from operations. Where is the cash to pay the taxes and dividends? It comes from regular borrowings and share issues. If such a situation continues for a few years, the debt burden will eventually sink the company. Many realty and high-flying infrastructure companies, and investor favourites like Bartronics, Cranes Software fall within this category.

(Note: The next two parts of the Cash Flow Statement will be covered in Thursday’s post – so please stay tuned.)

Related Post

Can a growing, profitable company go out of business?

Using Earnings Yield (E/P) to time your investments – a guest post

In last Thursday’s post, I had taken a look at the historical P/E ratios of the Nifty 50 index and suggested an investment strategy. In this month’s guest post, Nishit takes a slightly different view. He compares Nifty’s earnings yield with the 10 years G-Sec yield to time stock market investments.

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Subhankar had written about Nifty’s P/E multiple or Price to Earnings Multiple last week. Let us delve deeper into it. He had written “Nifty’s P/E ratio has varied between 11 and 27 during the past 12 years - with peaks of 27.35 on Mar 1, 2000 and 27.64 on Jan 1 2008, and troughs of 11.62 on Jan 1, 1999; 10.86 on May 2, 2003 and 11.76 on Dec 1, 2008. The average P/E ratio over the past 12 years is 18.24.”

Price/Earnings ratio is nothing but the Market Price divided by the Profits per share of a company in rupee terms. Assume the share price of a company is Rs 100 and it makes a profit of Rs 10. So its P/E ratio is 100/10 = 10. It is a very fundamental ratio of finding out the valuation of a stock (or index). Now, P/E by itself has no significance. How do we know if P/E of 10 is stretched or P/E of 50 is stretched?

We look at the growth prospects of a company and sector. The derived ratio is PEG Ratio (Price to Earnings Growth ratio). Now if the company is going to grow at an annualized growth rate of 100% for the next 3 years, a P/E of 100 may be acceptable. This is especially true of the IT companies in the glory days of 1998-2001 when Infosys used to come out with 100% growth figures every quarter.

The inverse of P/E (i.e. E/P) is the earnings yield. It is the amount per annum you are going to earn by investing in a company. This ratio is very important in the sense that you can use it to find if a stock (or the Nifty) is over-valued or not. What will we compare against? Let us take the 10 years Government Treasury Bill return. This is the safest investment in the country. Whenever 10 years G-Sec yield is more than equity earnings yield that is the time to go long big time.

Let us take an example. During Oct ’08 – Mar ’09, the Nifty P/E ratio dropped below 15; the earnings yield was 6.66% and below. The G-Sec Yield was 7.83% in Nov ’08.That was the time when the long term portfolio of stocks should have been built up.

For the past 1 year, the Earnings Yield of the Nifty has been around 5%. The G-Sec yield is around 8%. At such times, exposure to equity has to be limited. That is, keep trailing stop losses and don’t add fresh equities.

The Earnings Yield is a simple extension of the P/E concept and comparing it to the Bond Yield gives us a perspective on finding whether the equity markets are overvalued as compared to the Bonds Market or not.

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(Nishit Vadhavkar is a Quality Manager working at an IT MNC. Deciphering economics, equity markets and piercing the jargon to make it understandable to all is his passion. "We work hard for our money, our money should work even harder for us" is his motto.

Nishit blogs at Money Manthan.)

Notes from the USA (Feb 2011) – a guest post

Sitting in India, we tend to become obsessed with what is happening to the Sensex and Nifty. Specially when both indices start heading south. Part of the reason for the recent corrections in emerging markets, including India, is the flight of FII money.

Far away in the USA, KKP can be more objective about investing in global markets. In this month’s guest post, he looks beyond the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, China) nations to other markets on the growth path. May be it is time for Indian investors to start developing a global outlook as well, to improve the total returns on their portfolios.

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What Next After BRIC? 

So, we all feel that the organic and FDI (investments) in India and China is the end game, right? Wrong. We know that there are frontiers beyond that, and even though India and/or China will be the next super-power of the world, there will be growth in other regions of the world that we need to focus on to keep our investments earning higher returns. We have to, therefore, teach our children to be open minded not just to the ‘change’, but more importantly to the ‘rate of change’ going on in this world. This will move ‘preferred’ investments from one country to another, or one region to another, or as this article points out, from the favourite BRIC’s to the Frontiers! What does that mean? Lets look into it…

We all know the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) countries, and the tear that they have been in the last 10 years. Lets talk in CAGR terms (Compounded Annual Growth Rates), i.e. total return per year, compounded on an annual cycle.

BRIC in general have done 14.75% CAGR as of Dec 31, 2010. India has done 17.19% CAGR if you were wondering, but you know what – Indonesia did 26.74% CAGR in that timeframe. This is staggering. Being in the US, we have a choice to invest just about in any country through vehicles called ETFs/ETNs. These are a collection of stocks put together by one of the large brokerage houses or fund managers that invest in a basket of stocks following a particular index. So, now, consider Frontier Country ETFs to capture explosive growth in what I calling ‘new markets’. By the way, there are a slew of countries that we (as investors) have ignored for a long time…..although, the countries are not new at all. But the time has come, and that time is now. Here are the current list of countries that belong to this ‘general’ Frontier Country list with the ETF symbols (valid for US investors and informational for Indian Investors):

1. THD - Thailand
2. ECH - Chile
3. TUR - Turkey
4. VNM - Vietnam
5. IDX - Indonesia
6. EPU - Peru
7. ESR - Eastern Europe
8. GXG - Colombia
9. FRN - Diversified across frontier markets (one of my customers)
10. FFD - MS Frontier Emerging Markets Fund

These ETFs have been performing really well since Mar 2009, and it’s all been one way and hence it has been hard to find the best entry point. On any pullbacks, I personally will be interpreting it as a buying opportunity and starting to put some money (in SIP mode in USD) for long term investments. Keeping in mind that India used to belong to this group once upon a time, there are risks associated with each of them. They possess risks such as illiquidity, non-transparency, inadequate regulation, substandard financial reporting, and similar hazards. They are at the very edge of the investable public securities universe and along with high potential rewards, come high risk.

MSCI, which is a prominent builder of indices, recently announced their list of the frontier universe which includes the countries listed below. FTSE classified their list of countries slightly differently, but both lists overlap quite a bit.

FTSE classification, frontier markets list as of September 2010:

Argentina; Bahrain; Bangladesh; Botswana; Bulgaria; Côte d'Ivoire; Croatia; Cyprus; Estonia; Jordan; Kenya; Lithuania; Macedonia; Malta; Mauritius; Nigeria; Oman; Qatar; Romania; Serbia; Slovakia; Slovenia; Sri Lanka; Tunisia; Vietnam.

As of May 2010, MSCI Barra classified the following countries as frontier markets:

Argentina; Bahrain; Bangladesh; Bulgaria; Croatia; Estonia; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Kenya; Kuwait; Lebanon; Lithuania; Mauritius; Nigeria; Oman; Pakistan; Qatar; Romania; Trinidad and Tobago; Serbia; Slovenia; Sri Lanka; Tunisia; Ukraine; United Arab Emirates; Vietnam; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Botswana; Ghana; Jamaica; Saudi Arabia.

Here is the performance of the Guggenheim Frontier Equity ETF, which is one of the few choices available today. Since this concept of Frontier countries is new, there are not too many funds out there that do this investment, although many ETFs include them in their Asia funds or Latin America fund or even Eastern European funds/ETFs. I happen to like Guggenheim investments since they have been a good customer of mine in the technology world, and have done a lot of technology upgrades within their infrastructure to enable the fund managers to do their job well. Now, that does not necessarily mean good investment results, but they also happen to have great investment results relative to their peers. Guggenheim services a set of private clients who we would call the filthy rich families, i.e. ones with more than $10M in Net Worth!

As you can see from the performance, I rest my case, and even though I have woken up a bit late to these investment type, I think these are young, dynamic, and real-growth-engines that will see their middle income earners grow within their own countries, and provide some real contributions to their own GDPs. Where there is return, there is risk, so while bearing that in mind, one has to invest only a portion of the portfolio and manage the overall risk. When the overall geography turns sour in a bearish environment, I am sure these markets will go down faster, bearing a higher volatility factor than the average. Just another chink in the armour that I am now providing to you to include and manage as you think about future-proofing your portfolio with an ultra positive return kicker!

What do you think?

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KKP (Kiran Patel) is a long time investor in the US, investing in US, Indian and Chinese markets for the last 25 years. Investing is a passion, and most recently he has ventured into real estate in the US and also a bit in India. Running user groups, teaching kids at local high school, moderating a group in the US and running Investment Clubs are his current hobbies. He also works full time for a Fortune 100 corporation.