The Sensex and Nifty have been quite volatile lately, jumping up and down like a kid on a trampoline. Small investors are not sure whether to buy or sell. At times like these, it may be better to sit back and do nothing.
Niteen has a better idea. Learn how to identify winning stocks using his 12 parameters. If you like his post, please write a comment or query. Your feedback may motivate him to contribute regularly.
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After 18 years in the stock market, I have observed that most small investors are only interested in tips for making quick money. But without exception, they end up losing money. Remember that the reverse of ‘TIP’ is ‘PIT’. ‘TIP’s can take you to the ‘PIT’s. There are no short cuts to making money. The stock market is a place that requires a highly disciplined approach. To make money, investing should be viewed as a long term process.
How to identify a winning stock without depending on tips? What are the parameters that help in choosing a winner?
The most important parameter is the ‘Margin of Safety’. The concept of margin of safety was first introduced by Benjamin Graham, author of investment classics like ‘The Intelligent Investor’ and ‘Security Analysis’.
Graham said: "Margin of Safety is always dependent on the price paid". One should buy a stock when it is worth more than its market price. This is the central thesis of the value investing philosophy, which emphasises preservation of capital. Graham looked at unpopular or neglected companies with low P/E and P/BV ratios.
If you feel that a stock is worth Rs 100, buying it at Rs 75 will give you a margin of safety. In case your analysis is incorrect and the stock is worth only Rs 90, the Margin of Safety provides a cushion against a possible loss. In India, markets tend to be volatile, so it becomes more important to look at each stock through the magnifying glass of Margin of Safety.
Very few stocks make it through the stringent screening process given below, and many potentially investment-worthy stocks can get excluded. If you come across any tips and get tempted to invest, at least you should screen those stocks through these parameters to ensure that you are not overpaying.
There are 12 parameters grouped under four heads.
(I) Valuation & returns
- P/E ratio < 40% of highest average P/E ratio over previous 5 years: take the highest P/E ratio of each year for last 5 years and then take an average
- Earnings yield (E/P) > 2 x (RBI bond yield): RBI Bonds give a return of around 8%
- Dividend yield > 2/3 x (RBI bond yield): Dividend yield is calculated by dividing the last dividend paid by a company, by the current stock price. Some companies retain earnings and do not pay dividends to maintain growth. But most blue-chip companies that have grown from the time they were not blue-chip, have consistently paid dividends for many years
(II) Balance Sheet related
- Current ratio > 2.0. This will give you a positive Net Current Asset Value (NCAV) number per share
- Stock price < 1.2 x (Book Value)
- Inventory trend: Inventory trend should reflect revenue numbers. Goods are produced to be sold, and not stored in a warehouse. If inventories increase faster than sales, a problem is brewing
- Minimum 12% Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)
- Debt/Profit =<5 and Debt/Equity ratio =<1.5: A company should pay its debt out of its profits, and not out of the equity base of the company. A ratio of 5 means that the debt can be paid out of 5 years profits
(III) Profit & Loss related
- Revenue and profit should preferably increase consistently during last 5 years. A drop in any one of the 5 years can be considered also
- Consistently paying dividends, bonuses: This is in line with (I) above
(IV) Governance
- Published Statements of previous 6 months/Management Discussion and Analysis (from Annual Report): If the management is over optimistic about future earnings, an investor should stay away. Infosys, which is well-known for its transparency, has always been cautious in projecting future earnings
- Shareholding pattern – Buying, selling or pledging: If management is selling/pledging their holdings, the stock should be avoided
The above parameters are available (or, can be calculated) free of cost from sites like: www.icicidirect.com, www.anagram.co.in or from economictimes.indiatimes.com.
There can be cases where you need to consider some additional parameters. The measurement of one parameter can be relaxed due to the strength of another parameter. This comes through experience and a new investor/analyst should avoid relaxing the parameters.
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(Niteen S Dharmawat is an MBA who has been working with Indian IT companies. A firm believer in long-term financial planning, and an 18 years veteran of the stock market, he likes to analyse the economy, and individual stocks. He also conducts investor education sessions.
Niteen blogs at http://dharmawat.blogspot.com.)
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